Meta-Analysis of Genome-Wide Association Studies of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Identifieur interne : 000D11 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000D10; suivant : 000D12Meta-Analysis of Genome-Wide Association Studies of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Auteurs : Benjamin M. Neale [États-Unis] ; Sarah E. Medland [Australie] ; Stephan Ripke [États-Unis] ; Philip Asherson [Royaume-Uni] ; Barbara Franke [Pays-Bas] ; Klaus-Peter Lesch [États-Unis] ; Stephen V. Faraone [Allemagne] ; THUY TRANG NGUYEN [Royaume-Uni] ; Helmut Sch Fer [Danemark] ; Peter Holmans [Suisse] ; Mark Daly [États-Unis] ; Hans-Christoph Steinhausen [Allemagne] ; Christine Freitag [Allemagne] ; Andreas Reif [Allemagne] ; Tobias J. Renner [Irlande (pays)] ; Marcel Romanos [Royaume-Uni] ; Jasmin Romanos [Royaume-Uni] ; Susanne Walitza [Pays-Bas] ; Andreas Warnke [Royaume-Uni] ; Jobst Meyer [Belgique] ; Haukur Palmason [États-Unis] ; Jan Buitelaar [États-Unis] ; Alejandro Arias Vasquez [États-Unis] ; Nanda Lambregts-Rommelse [États-Unis] ; Michael Gill [États-Unis] ; Richard J. L. Anney ; Kate Langely ; Michael O'Donovan ; Nigel Williams ; Michael Owen ; Anita Thapar ; Lindsey Kent ; Joseph Sergeant ; Herbert Roeyers ; Eric Mick [Royaume-Uni] ; Joseph Biederman [Pays-Bas] ; Alysa Doyle [États-Unis] ; Susan Smalley [Allemagne] ; Sandra Loo [Royaume-Uni] ; Hakon Hakonarson [Suisse] ; Josephine Elia [Danemark] ; Alexandre Todorov [Suisse] ; Ana Miranda [Allemagne] ; Fernando Mulas [Allemagne] ; Richard P. Ebstein [Allemagne] ; Aribert Rothenberger [Irlande (pays)] ; Tobias Banaschewski [Royaume-Uni] ; Robert D. Oades [Royaume-Uni] ; Edmund Sonuga-Barke [Royaume-Uni] ; James Mcgough [Royaume-Uni] ; Laura Nisenbaum [Belgique] ; Frank Middleton [États-Unis] ; Xiaolan Hu [États-Unis] ; Stan Nelson [États-Unis]Source :
- Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry [ 0890-8567 ] ; 2010.
Descripteurs français
- Pascal (Inist)
- Wicri :
- topic : Génétique.
English descriptors
Abstract
Objective: Although twin and family studies have shown attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to be highly heritable, genetic variants influencing the trait at a genome-wide significant level have yet to be identified. As prior genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have not yielded significant results, we conducted a meta-analysis of existing studies to boost statistical power. Method: We used data from four projects: a) the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP); b) phase I of the International Multicenter ADHD Genetics project (IMAGE); c) phase II of IMAGE (IMAGE II); and d) the Pfizer-funded study from the University of California, Los Angeles, Washington University, and Massachusetts General Hospital (PUWMa). The final sample size consisted of 2,064 trios, 896 cases, and 2,455 controls. For each study, we imputed HapMap single nucleotide polymorphisms, computed association test statistics and transformed them to z-scores, and then combined weighted z-scores in a meta-analysis. Results: No genome-wide significant associations were found, although an analysis of candidate genes suggests that they may be involved in the disorder. Conclusions: Given that ADHD is a highly heritable disorder, our negative results suggest that the effects of common ADHD risk variants must, individually, be very small or that other types of variants, e.g., rare ones, account for much of the disorder's heritability.
Affiliations:
- Allemagne, Australie, Belgique, Danemark, Irlande (pays), Pays-Bas, Royaume-Uni, Suisse, États-Unis
- Californie, Canton de Zurich, District de Darmstadt, District de Giessen, Gueldre, Hesse (Land), Hollande-Septentrionale, Massachusetts, Pennsylvanie, Province de Flandre-Orientale, Rhénanie-Palatinat, Région flamande, État de New York
- Amsterdam, Francfort-sur-le-Main, Gand, Marbourg, Nimègue, Trèves (Allemagne), Zurich
- Université de Gand, Université de Trèves, Université de Zurich
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Neale</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital</s1><s2>Boston, MA</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT</s1><s2>Cambridge, MA</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Medland, Sarah E" sort="Medland, Sarah E" uniqKey="Medland S" first="Sarah E." last="Medland">Sarah E. 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aut.</sZ><sZ>48 aut.</sZ><sZ>50 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>Bute Medical School</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Walitza, Susanne" sort="Walitza, Susanne" uniqKey="Walitza S" first="Susanne" last="Walitza">Susanne Walitza</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="19"><s1>Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan</s1><s2>Amsterdam</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>18 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Septentrionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Warnke, Andreas" sort="Warnke, Andreas" uniqKey="Warnke A" first="Andreas" last="Warnke">Andreas Warnke</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="18"><s1>Bute Medical School</s1><s2>St. Andrews, Scotland</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>17 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ><sZ>48 aut.</sZ><sZ>50 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>Bute Medical School</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meyer, Jobst" sort="Meyer, Jobst" uniqKey="Meyer J" first="Jobst" last="Meyer">Jobst Meyer</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="20"><s1>Ghent University, Dunantlaan</s1><s2>Ghent</s2><s3>BEL</s3><sZ>20 aut.</sZ><sZ>51 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Belgique</country><wicri:noRegion>Ghent</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université de Gand</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Gand</settlement><region>Région flamande</region><region type="district" nuts="2">Province de Flandre-Orientale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palmason, Haukur" sort="Palmason, Haukur" uniqKey="Palmason H" first="Haukur" last="Palmason">Haukur Palmason</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="21"><s1>Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital</s1><s2>Boston, MA</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>21 aut.</sZ><sZ>52 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buitelaar, Jan" sort="Buitelaar, Jan" uniqKey="Buitelaar J" first="Jan" last="Buitelaar">Jan Buitelaar</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="22"><s1>Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital</s1><s2>Boston, MA</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>22 aut.</sZ><sZ>53 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arias Vasquez, Alejandro" sort="Arias Vasquez, Alejandro" uniqKey="Arias Vasquez A" first="Alejandro" last="Arias Vasquez">Alejandro Arias Vasquez</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="23"><s1>Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA</s1><s2>Los Angeles, CA</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>23 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lambregts Rommelse, Nanda" sort="Lambregts Rommelse, Nanda" uniqKey="Lambregts Rommelse N" first="Nanda" last="Lambregts-Rommelse">Nanda Lambregts-Rommelse</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="24"><s1>The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia</s1><s2>Philadelphia, PA</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>24 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gill, Michael" sort="Gill, Michael" uniqKey="Gill M" first="Michael" last="Gill">Michael Gill</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="25"><s1>University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine</s1><s2>Philadelphia, PA</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>25 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Anney, Richard J L" sort="Anney, Richard J L" uniqKey="Anney R" first="Richard J. L." last="Anney">Richard J. L. Anney</name></author><author><name sortKey="Langely, Kate" sort="Langely, Kate" uniqKey="Langely K" first="Kate" last="Langely">Kate Langely</name></author><author><name sortKey="O Donovan, Michael" sort="O Donovan, Michael" uniqKey="O Donovan M" first="Michael" last="O'Donovan">Michael O'Donovan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Williams, Nigel" sort="Williams, Nigel" uniqKey="Williams N" first="Nigel" last="Williams">Nigel Williams</name></author><author><name sortKey="Owen, Michael" sort="Owen, Michael" uniqKey="Owen M" first="Michael" last="Owen">Michael Owen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thapar, Anita" sort="Thapar, Anita" uniqKey="Thapar A" first="Anita" last="Thapar">Anita Thapar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kent, Lindsey" sort="Kent, Lindsey" uniqKey="Kent L" first="Lindsey" last="Kent">Lindsey Kent</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sergeant, Joseph" sort="Sergeant, Joseph" uniqKey="Sergeant J" first="Joseph" last="Sergeant">Joseph Sergeant</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roeyers, Herbert" sort="Roeyers, Herbert" uniqKey="Roeyers H" first="Herbert" last="Roeyers">Herbert Roeyers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mick, Eric" sort="Mick, Eric" uniqKey="Mick E" first="Eric" last="Mick">Eric Mick</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Kings' College London</s1><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>35 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Kings' College London</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Biederman, Joseph" sort="Biederman, Joseph" uniqKey="Biederman J" first="Joseph" last="Biederman">Joseph Biederman</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="06"><s1>Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre</s1><s2>Nijmegen</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>36 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Nimègue</settlement><region type="province" nuts="2">Gueldre</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Doyle, Alysa" sort="Doyle, Alysa" uniqKey="Doyle A" first="Alysa" last="Doyle">Alysa Doyle</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse</s1><s2>New York, NY</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>37 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smalley, Susan" sort="Smalley, Susan" uniqKey="Smalley S" first="Susan" last="Smalley">Susan Smalley</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="08"><s1>Institut fuer Med. Biometrie und Epidemiologie Philipps-Universitaet Marburg Bunsenstr</s1><s2>Marburg</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>38 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Giessen</region><settlement type="city">Marbourg</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Loo, Sandra" sort="Loo, Sandra" uniqKey="Loo S" first="Sandra" last="Loo">Sandra Loo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="09"><s1>MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park</s1><s2>Cardiff</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>39 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>Cardiff</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hakonarson, Hakon" sort="Hakonarson, Hakon" uniqKey="Hakonarson H" first="Hakon" last="Hakonarson">Hakon Hakonarson</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="10"><s1>University of Zurich</s1><s2>Zurich</s2><s3>CHE</s3><sZ>40 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Suisse</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Zurich</settlement><region nuts="3" type="region">Canton de Zurich</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Zurich</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Elia, Josephine" sort="Elia, Josephine" uniqKey="Elia J" first="Josephine" last="Elia">Josephine Elia</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="11"><s1>Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital</s1><s3>DNK</s3><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>41 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Danemark</country><wicri:noRegion>Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Todorov, Alexandre" sort="Todorov, Alexandre" uniqKey="Todorov A" first="Alexandre" last="Todorov">Alexandre Todorov</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="12"><s1>Institute of Psychology, University of Basel</s1><s3>CHE</s3><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>42 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Suisse</country><wicri:noRegion>Institute of Psychology, University of Basel</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miranda, Ana" sort="Miranda, Ana" uniqKey="Miranda A" first="Ana" last="Miranda">Ana Miranda</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="13"><s1>University of Wuerzburg</s1><s2>Wuerzburg</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>43 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><wicri:noRegion>Wuerzburg</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>University of Wuerzburg</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>University of Wuerzburg</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mulas, Fernando" sort="Mulas, Fernando" uniqKey="Mulas F" first="Fernando" last="Mulas">Fernando Mulas</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="14"><s1>JW Goethe University</s1><s2>Frankfurt am Main</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>44 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Darmstadt</region><settlement type="city">Francfort-sur-le-Main</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ebstein, Richard P" sort="Ebstein, Richard P" uniqKey="Ebstein R" first="Richard P." last="Ebstein">Richard P. Ebstein</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="15"><s1>Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier</s1><s2>Trier</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>14 aut.</sZ><sZ>45 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><wicri:noRegion>Trier</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Trèves (Allemagne)</settlement><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-Palatinat</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Trèves</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rothenberger, Aribert" sort="Rothenberger, Aribert" uniqKey="Rothenberger A" first="Aribert" last="Rothenberger">Aribert Rothenberger</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="16"><s1>Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital</s1><s2>Dublin</s2><s3>IRL</s3><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>46 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Irlande (pays)</country><wicri:noRegion>Dublin</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Banaschewski, Tobias" sort="Banaschewski, Tobias" uniqKey="Banaschewski T" first="Tobias" last="Banaschewski">Tobias Banaschewski</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="17"><s1>School of Medicine, Cardiff University</s1><s2>Cardiff, Wales</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>16 aut.</sZ><sZ>47 aut.</sZ><sZ>49 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>Cardiff, Wales</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oades, Robert D" sort="Oades, Robert D" uniqKey="Oades R" first="Robert D." last="Oades">Robert D. Oades</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="18"><s1>Bute Medical School</s1><s2>St. Andrews, Scotland</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>17 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ><sZ>48 aut.</sZ><sZ>50 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>Bute Medical School</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sonuga Barke, Edmund" sort="Sonuga Barke, Edmund" uniqKey="Sonuga Barke E" first="Edmund" last="Sonuga-Barke">Edmund Sonuga-Barke</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="17"><s1>School of Medicine, Cardiff University</s1><s2>Cardiff, Wales</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>16 aut.</sZ><sZ>47 aut.</sZ><sZ>49 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>Cardiff, Wales</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcgough, James" sort="Mcgough, James" uniqKey="Mcgough J" first="James" last="Mcgough">James Mcgough</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="18"><s1>Bute Medical School</s1><s2>St. Andrews, Scotland</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>17 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ><sZ>48 aut.</sZ><sZ>50 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>Bute Medical School</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nisenbaum, Laura" sort="Nisenbaum, Laura" uniqKey="Nisenbaum L" first="Laura" last="Nisenbaum">Laura Nisenbaum</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="20"><s1>Ghent University, Dunantlaan</s1><s2>Ghent</s2><s3>BEL</s3><sZ>20 aut.</sZ><sZ>51 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Belgique</country><wicri:noRegion>Ghent</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université de Gand</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Gand</settlement><region>Région flamande</region><region type="district" nuts="2">Province de Flandre-Orientale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Middleton, Frank" sort="Middleton, Frank" uniqKey="Middleton F" first="Frank" last="Middleton">Frank Middleton</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="21"><s1>Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital</s1><s2>Boston, MA</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>21 aut.</sZ><sZ>52 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, Xiaolan" sort="Hu, Xiaolan" uniqKey="Hu X" first="Xiaolan" last="Hu">Xiaolan Hu</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="22"><s1>Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital</s1><s2>Boston, MA</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>22 aut.</sZ><sZ>53 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nelson, Stan" sort="Nelson, Stan" uniqKey="Nelson S" first="Stan" last="Nelson">Stan Nelson</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT</s1><s2>Cambridge, MA</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>54 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">INIST</idno><idno type="inist">10-0446189</idno><date when="2010">2010</date><idno type="stanalyst">PASCAL 10-0446189 INIST</idno><idno type="RBID">Pascal:10-0446189</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Corpus">000514</idno><idno type="stanalyst">FRANCIS 10-0446189 INIST</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Corpus">000603</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Curation">000869</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Checkpoint">000380</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PascalFrancis" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000380</idno><idno type="wicri:doubleKey">0890-8567:2010:Neale B:meta:analysis:of</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">000D71</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">000D11</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">000D11</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a">Meta-Analysis of Genome-Wide Association Studies of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder</title><author><name sortKey="Neale, Benjamin M" sort="Neale, Benjamin M" uniqKey="Neale B" first="Benjamin M." last="Neale">Benjamin M. Neale</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital</s1><s2>Boston, MA</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT</s1><s2>Cambridge, MA</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Medland, Sarah E" sort="Medland, Sarah E" uniqKey="Medland S" first="Sarah E." last="Medland">Sarah E. Medland</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research</s1><s2>Brisbane</s2><s3>AUS</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Australie</country><wicri:noRegion>Brisbane</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ripke, Stephan" sort="Ripke, Stephan" uniqKey="Ripke S" first="Stephan" last="Ripke">Stephan Ripke</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT</s1><s2>Cambridge, MA</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>54 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Asherson, Philip" sort="Asherson, Philip" uniqKey="Asherson P" first="Philip" last="Asherson">Philip Asherson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Kings' College London</s1><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>35 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Kings' College London</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Franke, Barbara" sort="Franke, Barbara" uniqKey="Franke B" first="Barbara" last="Franke">Barbara Franke</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="06"><s1>Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre</s1><s2>Nijmegen</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>36 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Nimègue</settlement><region type="province" nuts="2">Gueldre</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lesch, Klaus Peter" sort="Lesch, Klaus Peter" uniqKey="Lesch K" first="Klaus-Peter" last="Lesch">Klaus-Peter Lesch</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse</s1><s2>New York, NY</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>37 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Faraone, Stephen V" sort="Faraone, Stephen V" uniqKey="Faraone S" first="Stephen V." last="Faraone">Stephen V. Faraone</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="08"><s1>Institut fuer Med. Biometrie und Epidemiologie Philipps-Universitaet Marburg Bunsenstr</s1><s2>Marburg</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>38 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Giessen</region><settlement type="city">Marbourg</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thuy Trang Nguyen" sort="Thuy Trang Nguyen" uniqKey="Thuy Trang Nguyen" last="Thuy Trang Nguyen">THUY TRANG NGUYEN</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="09"><s1>MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park</s1><s2>Cardiff</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>39 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>Cardiff</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sch Fer, Helmut" sort="Sch Fer, Helmut" uniqKey="Sch Fer H" first="Helmut" last="Sch Fer">Helmut Sch Fer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="11"><s1>Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital</s1><s3>DNK</s3><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>41 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Danemark</country><wicri:noRegion>Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Holmans, Peter" sort="Holmans, Peter" uniqKey="Holmans P" first="Peter" last="Holmans">Peter Holmans</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="12"><s1>Institute of Psychology, University of Basel</s1><s3>CHE</s3><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>42 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Suisse</country><wicri:noRegion>Institute of Psychology, University of Basel</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Daly, Mark" sort="Daly, Mark" uniqKey="Daly M" first="Mark" last="Daly">Mark Daly</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital</s1><s2>Boston, MA</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Steinhausen, Hans Christoph" sort="Steinhausen, Hans Christoph" uniqKey="Steinhausen H" first="Hans-Christoph" last="Steinhausen">Hans-Christoph Steinhausen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="13"><s1>University of Wuerzburg</s1><s2>Wuerzburg</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>43 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><wicri:noRegion>Wuerzburg</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>University of Wuerzburg</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>University of Wuerzburg</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Freitag, Christine" sort="Freitag, Christine" uniqKey="Freitag C" first="Christine" last="Freitag">Christine Freitag</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="14"><s1>JW Goethe University</s1><s2>Frankfurt am Main</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>44 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Darmstadt</region><settlement type="city">Francfort-sur-le-Main</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reif, Andreas" sort="Reif, Andreas" uniqKey="Reif A" first="Andreas" last="Reif">Andreas Reif</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="15"><s1>Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier</s1><s2>Trier</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>14 aut.</sZ><sZ>45 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><wicri:noRegion>Trier</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Trèves (Allemagne)</settlement><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-Palatinat</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Trèves</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Renner, Tobias J" sort="Renner, Tobias J" uniqKey="Renner T" first="Tobias J." last="Renner">Tobias J. Renner</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="16"><s1>Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital</s1><s2>Dublin</s2><s3>IRL</s3><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>46 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Irlande (pays)</country><wicri:noRegion>Dublin</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Romanos, Marcel" sort="Romanos, Marcel" uniqKey="Romanos M" first="Marcel" last="Romanos">Marcel Romanos</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="17"><s1>School of Medicine, Cardiff University</s1><s2>Cardiff, Wales</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>16 aut.</sZ><sZ>47 aut.</sZ><sZ>49 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>Cardiff, Wales</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Romanos, Jasmin" sort="Romanos, Jasmin" uniqKey="Romanos J" first="Jasmin" last="Romanos">Jasmin Romanos</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="18"><s1>Bute Medical School</s1><s2>St. Andrews, Scotland</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>17 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ><sZ>48 aut.</sZ><sZ>50 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>Bute Medical School</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Walitza, Susanne" sort="Walitza, Susanne" uniqKey="Walitza S" first="Susanne" last="Walitza">Susanne Walitza</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="19"><s1>Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan</s1><s2>Amsterdam</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>18 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Septentrionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Warnke, Andreas" sort="Warnke, Andreas" uniqKey="Warnke A" first="Andreas" last="Warnke">Andreas Warnke</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="18"><s1>Bute Medical School</s1><s2>St. Andrews, Scotland</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>17 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ><sZ>48 aut.</sZ><sZ>50 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>Bute Medical School</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meyer, Jobst" sort="Meyer, Jobst" uniqKey="Meyer J" first="Jobst" last="Meyer">Jobst Meyer</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="20"><s1>Ghent University, Dunantlaan</s1><s2>Ghent</s2><s3>BEL</s3><sZ>20 aut.</sZ><sZ>51 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Belgique</country><wicri:noRegion>Ghent</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université de Gand</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Gand</settlement><region>Région flamande</region><region type="district" nuts="2">Province de Flandre-Orientale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palmason, Haukur" sort="Palmason, Haukur" uniqKey="Palmason H" first="Haukur" last="Palmason">Haukur Palmason</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="21"><s1>Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital</s1><s2>Boston, MA</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>21 aut.</sZ><sZ>52 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buitelaar, Jan" sort="Buitelaar, Jan" uniqKey="Buitelaar J" first="Jan" last="Buitelaar">Jan Buitelaar</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="22"><s1>Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital</s1><s2>Boston, MA</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>22 aut.</sZ><sZ>53 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arias Vasquez, Alejandro" sort="Arias Vasquez, Alejandro" uniqKey="Arias Vasquez A" first="Alejandro" last="Arias Vasquez">Alejandro Arias Vasquez</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="23"><s1>Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA</s1><s2>Los Angeles, CA</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>23 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lambregts Rommelse, Nanda" sort="Lambregts Rommelse, Nanda" uniqKey="Lambregts Rommelse N" first="Nanda" last="Lambregts-Rommelse">Nanda Lambregts-Rommelse</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="24"><s1>The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia</s1><s2>Philadelphia, PA</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>24 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gill, Michael" sort="Gill, Michael" uniqKey="Gill M" first="Michael" last="Gill">Michael Gill</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="25"><s1>University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine</s1><s2>Philadelphia, PA</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>25 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Anney, Richard J L" sort="Anney, Richard J L" uniqKey="Anney R" first="Richard J. L." last="Anney">Richard J. L. Anney</name></author><author><name sortKey="Langely, Kate" sort="Langely, Kate" uniqKey="Langely K" first="Kate" last="Langely">Kate Langely</name></author><author><name sortKey="O Donovan, Michael" sort="O Donovan, Michael" uniqKey="O Donovan M" first="Michael" last="O'Donovan">Michael O'Donovan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Williams, Nigel" sort="Williams, Nigel" uniqKey="Williams N" first="Nigel" last="Williams">Nigel Williams</name></author><author><name sortKey="Owen, Michael" sort="Owen, Michael" uniqKey="Owen M" first="Michael" last="Owen">Michael Owen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thapar, Anita" sort="Thapar, Anita" uniqKey="Thapar A" first="Anita" last="Thapar">Anita Thapar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kent, Lindsey" sort="Kent, Lindsey" uniqKey="Kent L" first="Lindsey" last="Kent">Lindsey Kent</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sergeant, Joseph" sort="Sergeant, Joseph" uniqKey="Sergeant J" first="Joseph" last="Sergeant">Joseph Sergeant</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roeyers, Herbert" sort="Roeyers, Herbert" uniqKey="Roeyers H" first="Herbert" last="Roeyers">Herbert Roeyers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mick, Eric" sort="Mick, Eric" uniqKey="Mick E" first="Eric" last="Mick">Eric Mick</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Kings' College London</s1><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>35 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Kings' College London</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Biederman, Joseph" sort="Biederman, Joseph" uniqKey="Biederman J" first="Joseph" last="Biederman">Joseph Biederman</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="06"><s1>Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre</s1><s2>Nijmegen</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>36 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Nimègue</settlement><region type="province" nuts="2">Gueldre</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Doyle, Alysa" sort="Doyle, Alysa" uniqKey="Doyle A" first="Alysa" last="Doyle">Alysa Doyle</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse</s1><s2>New York, NY</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>37 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smalley, Susan" sort="Smalley, Susan" uniqKey="Smalley S" first="Susan" last="Smalley">Susan Smalley</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="08"><s1>Institut fuer Med. Biometrie und Epidemiologie Philipps-Universitaet Marburg Bunsenstr</s1><s2>Marburg</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>38 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Giessen</region><settlement type="city">Marbourg</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Loo, Sandra" sort="Loo, Sandra" uniqKey="Loo S" first="Sandra" last="Loo">Sandra Loo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="09"><s1>MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park</s1><s2>Cardiff</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>39 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>Cardiff</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hakonarson, Hakon" sort="Hakonarson, Hakon" uniqKey="Hakonarson H" first="Hakon" last="Hakonarson">Hakon Hakonarson</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="10"><s1>University of Zurich</s1><s2>Zurich</s2><s3>CHE</s3><sZ>40 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Suisse</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Zurich</settlement><region nuts="3" type="region">Canton de Zurich</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Zurich</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Elia, Josephine" sort="Elia, Josephine" uniqKey="Elia J" first="Josephine" last="Elia">Josephine Elia</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="11"><s1>Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital</s1><s3>DNK</s3><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>41 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Danemark</country><wicri:noRegion>Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Todorov, Alexandre" sort="Todorov, Alexandre" uniqKey="Todorov A" first="Alexandre" last="Todorov">Alexandre Todorov</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="12"><s1>Institute of Psychology, University of Basel</s1><s3>CHE</s3><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>42 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Suisse</country><wicri:noRegion>Institute of Psychology, University of Basel</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miranda, Ana" sort="Miranda, Ana" uniqKey="Miranda A" first="Ana" last="Miranda">Ana Miranda</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="13"><s1>University of Wuerzburg</s1><s2>Wuerzburg</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>43 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><wicri:noRegion>Wuerzburg</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>University of Wuerzburg</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>University of Wuerzburg</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mulas, Fernando" sort="Mulas, Fernando" uniqKey="Mulas F" first="Fernando" last="Mulas">Fernando Mulas</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="14"><s1>JW Goethe University</s1><s2>Frankfurt am Main</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>44 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Darmstadt</region><settlement type="city">Francfort-sur-le-Main</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ebstein, Richard P" sort="Ebstein, Richard P" uniqKey="Ebstein R" first="Richard P." last="Ebstein">Richard P. Ebstein</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="15"><s1>Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier</s1><s2>Trier</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>14 aut.</sZ><sZ>45 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><wicri:noRegion>Trier</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Trèves (Allemagne)</settlement><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-Palatinat</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Trèves</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rothenberger, Aribert" sort="Rothenberger, Aribert" uniqKey="Rothenberger A" first="Aribert" last="Rothenberger">Aribert Rothenberger</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="16"><s1>Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital</s1><s2>Dublin</s2><s3>IRL</s3><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>46 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Irlande (pays)</country><wicri:noRegion>Dublin</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Banaschewski, Tobias" sort="Banaschewski, Tobias" uniqKey="Banaschewski T" first="Tobias" last="Banaschewski">Tobias Banaschewski</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="17"><s1>School of Medicine, Cardiff University</s1><s2>Cardiff, Wales</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>16 aut.</sZ><sZ>47 aut.</sZ><sZ>49 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>Cardiff, Wales</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oades, Robert D" sort="Oades, Robert D" uniqKey="Oades R" first="Robert D." last="Oades">Robert D. Oades</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="18"><s1>Bute Medical School</s1><s2>St. Andrews, Scotland</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>17 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ><sZ>48 aut.</sZ><sZ>50 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>Bute Medical School</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sonuga Barke, Edmund" sort="Sonuga Barke, Edmund" uniqKey="Sonuga Barke E" first="Edmund" last="Sonuga-Barke">Edmund Sonuga-Barke</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="17"><s1>School of Medicine, Cardiff University</s1><s2>Cardiff, Wales</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>16 aut.</sZ><sZ>47 aut.</sZ><sZ>49 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>Cardiff, Wales</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcgough, James" sort="Mcgough, James" uniqKey="Mcgough J" first="James" last="Mcgough">James Mcgough</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="18"><s1>Bute Medical School</s1><s2>St. Andrews, Scotland</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>17 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ><sZ>48 aut.</sZ><sZ>50 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>Bute Medical School</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nisenbaum, Laura" sort="Nisenbaum, Laura" uniqKey="Nisenbaum L" first="Laura" last="Nisenbaum">Laura Nisenbaum</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="20"><s1>Ghent University, Dunantlaan</s1><s2>Ghent</s2><s3>BEL</s3><sZ>20 aut.</sZ><sZ>51 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Belgique</country><wicri:noRegion>Ghent</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université de Gand</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Gand</settlement><region>Région flamande</region><region type="district" nuts="2">Province de Flandre-Orientale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Middleton, Frank" sort="Middleton, Frank" uniqKey="Middleton F" first="Frank" last="Middleton">Frank Middleton</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="21"><s1>Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital</s1><s2>Boston, MA</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>21 aut.</sZ><sZ>52 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, Xiaolan" sort="Hu, Xiaolan" uniqKey="Hu X" first="Xiaolan" last="Hu">Xiaolan Hu</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="22"><s1>Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital</s1><s2>Boston, MA</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>22 aut.</sZ><sZ>53 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nelson, Stan" sort="Nelson, Stan" uniqKey="Nelson S" first="Stan" last="Nelson">Stan Nelson</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT</s1><s2>Cambridge, MA</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>54 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j" type="main">Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psych.</title><idno type="ISSN">0890-8567</idno><imprint><date when="2010">2010</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><title level="j" type="main">Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psych.</title><idno type="ISSN">0890-8567</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Attention disorder with hyperactivity</term><term>Genetics</term><term>Metaanalysis</term><term>Review</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Métaanalyse</term><term>Article synthèse</term><term>Trouble déficitaire de l'attention avec hyperactivité</term><term>Génétique</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Wicri" type="topic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Génétique</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Objective: Although twin and family studies have shown attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to be highly heritable, genetic variants influencing the trait at a genome-wide significant level have yet to be identified. As prior genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have not yielded significant results, we conducted a meta-analysis of existing studies to boost statistical power. Method: We used data from four projects: a) the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP); b) phase I of the International Multicenter ADHD Genetics project (IMAGE); c) phase II of IMAGE (IMAGE II); and d) the Pfizer-funded study from the University of California, Los Angeles, Washington University, and Massachusetts General Hospital (PUWMa). The final sample size consisted of 2,064 trios, 896 cases, and 2,455 controls. For each study, we imputed HapMap single nucleotide polymorphisms, computed association test statistics and transformed them to z-scores, and then combined weighted z-scores in a meta-analysis. Results: No genome-wide significant associations were found, although an analysis of candidate genes suggests that they may be involved in the disorder. Conclusions: Given that ADHD is a highly heritable disorder, our negative results suggest that the effects of common ADHD risk variants must, individually, be very small or that other types of variants, e.g., rare ones, account for much of the disorder's heritability.</div></front></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li><li>Australie</li><li>Belgique</li><li>Danemark</li><li>Irlande (pays)</li><li>Pays-Bas</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>Suisse</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Californie</li><li>Canton de Zurich</li><li>District de Darmstadt</li><li>District de Giessen</li><li>Gueldre</li><li>Hesse (Land)</li><li>Hollande-Septentrionale</li><li>Massachusetts</li><li>Pennsylvanie</li><li>Province de Flandre-Orientale</li><li>Rhénanie-Palatinat</li><li>Région flamande</li><li>État de New York</li></region><settlement><li>Amsterdam</li><li>Francfort-sur-le-Main</li><li>Gand</li><li>Marbourg</li><li>Nimègue</li><li>Trèves (Allemagne)</li><li>Zurich</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université de Gand</li><li>Université de Trèves</li><li>Université de Zurich</li></orgName></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Anney, Richard J L" sort="Anney, Richard J L" uniqKey="Anney R" first="Richard J. L." last="Anney">Richard J. L. Anney</name><name sortKey="Kent, Lindsey" sort="Kent, Lindsey" uniqKey="Kent L" first="Lindsey" last="Kent">Lindsey Kent</name><name sortKey="Langely, Kate" sort="Langely, Kate" uniqKey="Langely K" first="Kate" last="Langely">Kate Langely</name><name sortKey="O Donovan, Michael" sort="O Donovan, Michael" uniqKey="O Donovan M" first="Michael" last="O'Donovan">Michael O'Donovan</name><name sortKey="Owen, Michael" sort="Owen, Michael" uniqKey="Owen M" first="Michael" last="Owen">Michael Owen</name><name sortKey="Roeyers, Herbert" sort="Roeyers, Herbert" uniqKey="Roeyers H" first="Herbert" last="Roeyers">Herbert Roeyers</name><name sortKey="Sergeant, Joseph" sort="Sergeant, Joseph" uniqKey="Sergeant J" first="Joseph" last="Sergeant">Joseph Sergeant</name><name sortKey="Thapar, Anita" sort="Thapar, Anita" uniqKey="Thapar A" first="Anita" last="Thapar">Anita Thapar</name><name sortKey="Williams, Nigel" sort="Williams, Nigel" uniqKey="Williams N" first="Nigel" last="Williams">Nigel Williams</name></noCountry><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Massachusetts"><name sortKey="Neale, Benjamin M" sort="Neale, Benjamin M" uniqKey="Neale B" first="Benjamin M." last="Neale">Benjamin M. Neale</name></region><name sortKey="Arias Vasquez, Alejandro" sort="Arias Vasquez, Alejandro" uniqKey="Arias Vasquez A" first="Alejandro" last="Arias Vasquez">Alejandro Arias Vasquez</name><name sortKey="Buitelaar, Jan" sort="Buitelaar, Jan" uniqKey="Buitelaar J" first="Jan" last="Buitelaar">Jan Buitelaar</name><name sortKey="Daly, Mark" sort="Daly, Mark" uniqKey="Daly M" first="Mark" last="Daly">Mark Daly</name><name sortKey="Doyle, Alysa" sort="Doyle, Alysa" uniqKey="Doyle A" first="Alysa" last="Doyle">Alysa Doyle</name><name sortKey="Gill, Michael" sort="Gill, Michael" uniqKey="Gill M" first="Michael" last="Gill">Michael Gill</name><name sortKey="Hu, Xiaolan" sort="Hu, Xiaolan" uniqKey="Hu X" first="Xiaolan" last="Hu">Xiaolan Hu</name><name sortKey="Lambregts Rommelse, Nanda" sort="Lambregts Rommelse, Nanda" uniqKey="Lambregts Rommelse N" first="Nanda" last="Lambregts-Rommelse">Nanda Lambregts-Rommelse</name><name sortKey="Lesch, Klaus Peter" sort="Lesch, Klaus Peter" uniqKey="Lesch K" first="Klaus-Peter" last="Lesch">Klaus-Peter Lesch</name><name sortKey="Middleton, Frank" sort="Middleton, Frank" uniqKey="Middleton F" first="Frank" last="Middleton">Frank Middleton</name><name sortKey="Neale, Benjamin M" sort="Neale, Benjamin M" uniqKey="Neale B" first="Benjamin M." last="Neale">Benjamin M. Neale</name><name sortKey="Nelson, Stan" sort="Nelson, Stan" uniqKey="Nelson S" first="Stan" last="Nelson">Stan Nelson</name><name sortKey="Palmason, Haukur" sort="Palmason, Haukur" uniqKey="Palmason H" first="Haukur" last="Palmason">Haukur Palmason</name><name sortKey="Ripke, Stephan" sort="Ripke, Stephan" uniqKey="Ripke S" first="Stephan" last="Ripke">Stephan Ripke</name></country><country name="Australie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Medland, Sarah E" sort="Medland, Sarah E" uniqKey="Medland S" first="Sarah E." last="Medland">Sarah E. Medland</name></noRegion></country><country name="Royaume-Uni"><noRegion><name sortKey="Asherson, Philip" sort="Asherson, Philip" uniqKey="Asherson P" first="Philip" last="Asherson">Philip Asherson</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Banaschewski, Tobias" sort="Banaschewski, Tobias" uniqKey="Banaschewski T" first="Tobias" last="Banaschewski">Tobias Banaschewski</name><name sortKey="Loo, Sandra" sort="Loo, Sandra" uniqKey="Loo S" first="Sandra" last="Loo">Sandra Loo</name><name sortKey="Mcgough, James" sort="Mcgough, James" uniqKey="Mcgough J" first="James" last="Mcgough">James Mcgough</name><name sortKey="Mick, Eric" sort="Mick, Eric" uniqKey="Mick E" first="Eric" last="Mick">Eric Mick</name><name sortKey="Oades, Robert D" sort="Oades, Robert D" uniqKey="Oades R" first="Robert D." last="Oades">Robert D. Oades</name><name sortKey="Romanos, Jasmin" sort="Romanos, Jasmin" uniqKey="Romanos J" first="Jasmin" last="Romanos">Jasmin Romanos</name><name sortKey="Romanos, Marcel" sort="Romanos, Marcel" uniqKey="Romanos M" first="Marcel" last="Romanos">Marcel Romanos</name><name sortKey="Sonuga Barke, Edmund" sort="Sonuga Barke, Edmund" uniqKey="Sonuga Barke E" first="Edmund" last="Sonuga-Barke">Edmund Sonuga-Barke</name><name sortKey="Thuy Trang Nguyen" sort="Thuy Trang Nguyen" uniqKey="Thuy Trang Nguyen" last="Thuy Trang Nguyen">THUY TRANG NGUYEN</name><name sortKey="Warnke, Andreas" sort="Warnke, Andreas" uniqKey="Warnke A" first="Andreas" last="Warnke">Andreas Warnke</name></country><country name="Pays-Bas"><region name="Gueldre"><name sortKey="Franke, Barbara" sort="Franke, Barbara" uniqKey="Franke B" first="Barbara" last="Franke">Barbara Franke</name></region><name sortKey="Biederman, Joseph" sort="Biederman, Joseph" uniqKey="Biederman J" first="Joseph" last="Biederman">Joseph Biederman</name><name sortKey="Walitza, Susanne" sort="Walitza, Susanne" uniqKey="Walitza S" first="Susanne" last="Walitza">Susanne Walitza</name></country><country name="Allemagne"><region name="Hesse (Land)"><name sortKey="Faraone, Stephen V" sort="Faraone, Stephen V" uniqKey="Faraone S" first="Stephen V." last="Faraone">Stephen V. 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Ebstein</name><name sortKey="Freitag, Christine" sort="Freitag, Christine" uniqKey="Freitag C" first="Christine" last="Freitag">Christine Freitag</name><name sortKey="Miranda, Ana" sort="Miranda, Ana" uniqKey="Miranda A" first="Ana" last="Miranda">Ana Miranda</name><name sortKey="Mulas, Fernando" sort="Mulas, Fernando" uniqKey="Mulas F" first="Fernando" last="Mulas">Fernando Mulas</name><name sortKey="Reif, Andreas" sort="Reif, Andreas" uniqKey="Reif A" first="Andreas" last="Reif">Andreas Reif</name><name sortKey="Smalley, Susan" sort="Smalley, Susan" uniqKey="Smalley S" first="Susan" last="Smalley">Susan Smalley</name><name sortKey="Steinhausen, Hans Christoph" sort="Steinhausen, Hans Christoph" uniqKey="Steinhausen H" first="Hans-Christoph" last="Steinhausen">Hans-Christoph Steinhausen</name></country><country name="Danemark"><noRegion><name sortKey="Sch Fer, Helmut" sort="Sch Fer, Helmut" uniqKey="Sch Fer H" first="Helmut" last="Sch Fer">Helmut Sch Fer</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Elia, Josephine" sort="Elia, Josephine" uniqKey="Elia J" first="Josephine" last="Elia">Josephine Elia</name></country><country name="Suisse"><noRegion><name sortKey="Holmans, Peter" sort="Holmans, Peter" uniqKey="Holmans P" first="Peter" last="Holmans">Peter Holmans</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Hakonarson, Hakon" sort="Hakonarson, Hakon" uniqKey="Hakonarson H" first="Hakon" last="Hakonarson">Hakon Hakonarson</name><name sortKey="Todorov, Alexandre" sort="Todorov, Alexandre" uniqKey="Todorov A" first="Alexandre" last="Todorov">Alexandre Todorov</name></country><country name="Irlande (pays)"><noRegion><name sortKey="Renner, Tobias J" sort="Renner, Tobias J" uniqKey="Renner T" first="Tobias J." last="Renner">Tobias J. Renner</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Rothenberger, Aribert" sort="Rothenberger, Aribert" uniqKey="Rothenberger A" first="Aribert" last="Rothenberger">Aribert Rothenberger</name></country><country name="Belgique"><region name="Région flamande"><name sortKey="Meyer, Jobst" sort="Meyer, Jobst" uniqKey="Meyer J" first="Jobst" last="Meyer">Jobst Meyer</name></region><name sortKey="Nisenbaum, Laura" sort="Nisenbaum, Laura" uniqKey="Nisenbaum L" first="Laura" last="Nisenbaum">Laura Nisenbaum</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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